论我国西部大开发战略中的旅游开发与贫困消除

大量调查研究表明,许多地区旅游资源的分布与贫困人口的分布是高度重叠的,尤其是那些区位偏远以及交通不便的地区,自然景观受人类活动干扰较小,自然生态系统保存较为完整,适合开发、发展生态旅游产业。因此,将旅游开发与扶贫有机结合应是消除贫困的最有效途径。论文针对这一问题论述了如下若干问题:其一,我国贫困县的分布与高品位生态旅游资源的分布高度重叠;其二,我国贫困县的分布与这些生态旅游资源的分布均在中西部地区,消除贫困与发展中西部旅游应是西部大开发战略的重要组成部分;其三,旅游在扶贫方面的优势是其他任何产业所无可比拟的;其四,应着手构建中国PPT旅游(ProPoorTourism,即有利于贫困人口发展的旅游)战略以及发展PPT旅游的战略措施,以期尽快消除我国的贫困问题。     

Poldering vs compartmentalization: The choice of flood control techniques in Bangladesh

The choice of flood control techniques in Bangladesh is reviewed in the context of a case study on the impact of a small-scale polder, the Dhaka-Narayanganj-Demra (DND) Project. The results of a questionnaire survey among the urban floodplain residents, who have settled inside the polder and a control population from outside the polder, indicate that the project has achieved significant flood alleviation but has also induced considerable environmental degradation due to stagnation of water within the enclosed embankment. The project also experienced numerous problems of structural instability of embankments during major flood events. An attempt is made to extrapolate some of these adverse environmental impacts of the polder to the compartmentalization scheme, which has been proposed by a UNDP-sponsored Flood Policy Study as an innovative technique for floodplain management in Bangladesh. The findings of the study, however, do not provide an adequate basis for assessing viability of the proposed compartmentalization scheme. Nonetheless, the study illustrates the usefulness of questionnaire surveys among floodplain residents for obtaining data for project evaluation.     

连片特困区农村防灾减灾能力建设存在的突出问题——基于武陵山片区三个少数民族村的调查

灾害是导致我国集中连片特殊困难地区贫困落后的重要原因之一。加强以村级组织防灾减灾能力为核心工作的底层设计,提升防灾减灾能力已成为片区区域发展与扶贫攻坚国家新战略顺利实施的重要前提条件。基于由公共设施建设能力和自然灾害风险管理能力等九大能力为一级指标与39项二级指标构成的村级组织防灾减灾能力建设框架体系,对武陵山片区三个少数民族农村社区村级组织防灾减灾能力建设进行全面考察。结果显示,片区农村在九大能力方面均存在明显不足。     

一体式铝盐絮体-超滤膜净水效能与机制

一体式膜工艺以其占地面积小、污染物去除效率高等优点在水处理工艺中逐渐应用.然而,长期运行后,传统颗粒性吸附剂存在加剧膜表面损伤的风险,同时大多数研究所用吸附剂价格较高,如纳米铁、碳纳米管等.针对上述问题,本文将铝盐混凝剂水解后形成的松散絮体直接注入膜池,基于腐殖酸(HA)和密云水库原水,考察了一体式絮体-超滤膜工艺运行效能及膜污染行为.结果表明,仅HA过膜时,第12 d跨膜压差(transmembrane pressure,TMP)急剧增至76. 4 k Pa,将膜组件取出经自来水清洗膜表面后TMP降为10. 1 k Pa (13 d),表明滤饼层是膜污染的主要形式,并且运行期间HA平均去除率仅为23. 3%.絮体注入频率、曝气强度及溶液pH能显著影响该工艺运行效能,尤其溶液pH.当采用连续投加方式将43. 2mmol·L-1铝盐絮体注入到pH为6. 0、曝气速率为0. 3 L·min-1膜池内时,膜污染程度显著降低,第12 d时TMP仅增长到19. 5 k Pa,清洗之后TMP降为5. 6 k Pa (13 d),此时HA平均去除率提高至61. 2%.此外,密云水库原水实验表明,当原水直接过膜时,TMP也急剧增加,运行12 d时TMP达到38. 0 k Pa,而清洗膜表面后TMP降低至3. 8 k Pa (13 d),滤饼层仍然为主要污染方式,同时有机质平均去除率为7. 5%.在上述最佳工艺条件下(曝气0. 3 L·min-1、溶液pH 6. 0)投加43. 2mmol·L-1铝盐絮体时,TMP增长也极其缓慢,12 d时仅增至6. 1 k Pa,膜表面清洗后TMP降至2. 3 k Pa (13 d),有机质平均去除率高达58. 6%.本研究表明一体式铝盐絮体-超滤膜在水处理中具有潜在的应用价值.     

Reflections on the ‘sustainable development’ debate

The paper examines the way in which the term ‘sustainable development’ has been used. Beginning with a short review of responses to a publication of the author's on sustainable development, it goes on to explore the different assumptions behind the discussion of the concept, and the different dimensions of sustainability: economic, political and epistemological. It is argued that, like the environment itself, the concept of sustainable development is a contested domain. We can learn from exploring the way the concept is used and contested.     

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) projects: lessons for future policy design and implementation

In response to the pressing global challenges of climate change, initiatives under the auspices of ‘reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation’ (REDD) have been implemented in over 30 developing and least-developed countries since 2005. The initiatives cover nearly every significant and vulnerable forest ecosystem worldwide. In this study we review six representative initiatives, two each from Africa, Asia and Latin America. Strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis is done to evaluate each initiative's policy framework, design, implementation and results thus far. The main policy and project implementation factors that appear to lead to effective and successful REDD project outcomes include having clearly formulated project design; governance, land tenure rights and capacity; equity and transparency; indigenous peoples' rights and knowledge; local–international coordination; and enhancing local and institutional capacities. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for future REDD policy action and project implementation to make it work for the poor and achieve its intended goals.     

The interaction between seaweed farming as an alternative occupation and fisher numbers in the central Philippines

Alternative occupations are frequently promoted as a means to reduce the number of people exploiting declining fisheries. However, there is little evidence that alternative occupations reduce fisher numbers. Seaweed farming is frequently promoted as a lucrative alternative occupation for artisanal fishers in Southeast Asia. We examined how the introduction of seaweed farming has affected village-level changes in the number of fishers on Danajon Bank, central Philippines, where unsustainable fishing has led to declining fishery yields. To determine how fisher numbers had changed since seaweed farming started, we interviewed the heads of household from 300 households in 10 villages to examine their perceptions of how fisher numbers had changed in their village and the reasons they associated with these changes. We then asked key informants (people with detailed knowledge of village members) to estimate fisher numbers in these villages before seaweed farming began and at the time of the survey. We compared the results of how fisher numbers had changed in each village with the wealth, education, seaweed farm sizes, and other attributes of households in these villages, which we collected through interviews, and with village-level factors such as distance to markets. We also asked people why they either continued to engage in or ceased fishing. In four villages, respondents thought seaweed farming and low fish catches had reduced fisher numbers, at least temporarily. In one of these villages, there was a recent return to fishing due to declines in the price of seaweed and increased theft of seaweed. In another four villages, fisher numbers increased as human population increased, despite the widespread uptake of seaweed farming. Seaweed farming failed for technical reasons in two other villages. Our results suggest seaweed farming has reduced fisher numbers in some villages, a result that may be correlated with socioeconomic status, but the heterogeneity of outcomes is consistent with suggestions that alternative occupations are not a substitute for more direct forms of resource management.     

生态环境行业扶贫绩效量化评估方法初探:以承德市围场满族蒙古族自治县为例

2020年是决胜脱贫攻坚战的关键之年,近20多年来,生态环境部门主动发挥行业特色,开展了大量坚实有效的行业扶贫工作,科学客观地评价生态环境部门的扶贫绩效,对于生态环境部门进一步精准施策、融入并推动实现乡村振兴具有重要意义. 本文基于实地调研、专家咨询和统计数据,建立了包括生态资源保护、环境质量改善、促进特色产业发展、社会公共服务提升以及抵御风险等4类26项指标在内的生态环境行业扶贫绩效评估指标体系;采用熵值法确定指标权重,结合多元统计分析方法,以承德市围场满族蒙古族自治县（简称"围场县"）为例,对生态环境部门扶贫绩效进行了量化评估. 结果表明:①2006-2018年,承德市围场县扶贫绩效呈逐年上升的趋势,增长了68.3%,成效十分显著. ②生态环境行业扶贫在围场县的扶贫绩效主要体现在促进特色产业发展、生态资源保护以及环境质量改善等3个方面,占总绩效的81.1%. ③生态环境行业扶贫对促进生态环境质量改善与地方经济协同发展的促进作用较为显著. 在环境质量改善绩效指标上升47.1%的同时,促进特色产业发展和抵御风险能力绩效指标分别上升了90.5%和83.3%. 研究显示,生态环境行业定点扶贫对提升贫困地区持续"造血"能力具有显著促进作用,生态环境部门要主动作为,积极融入乡村振兴的全过程,进一步提升措施的针对性,在帮助贫困地区保住优质生态资源的同时,充分挖掘生态资源的经济优势,推动贫困地区巩固好脱贫成效,实现乡村振兴.